Kafkaesque
Merriam-Webster online defines it as:
of, relating to, or suggestive of Franz Kafka or his writings ; especially : having a nightmarishly complex, bizarre, or illogical quality
Merriam-Webster also apparently puts spaces on either sides of a semicolon and doesn't use periods, but that's a discussion for another time.
Are there any other authors who have their own word (adjective or otherwise)? Why does Kafka receive this singular honor?
I'm not counting the word Shakespearean which really just means "about Shakespeare" because that's cheating. I suppose you could use it to mean "evocative of Shakespeare," but we all know it's just a word someone invented because he or she felt Shakespeare deserved his own adjective. Joycean and Dickensian both fall into a similar category, though I think are slightly more legit. I've heard people refer to Joycean literary techniques or Dickensian characters. It's still a direct tie back to the author.
Despite my illogical and bizarre set of judging rules, I'm going to give a nod to:
Orwellian
even though Merriam-Webster simply lists it as an adjective under Orwell's name. But I think this one is often used to describe distopian/Big-Brother futures, as opposed to "this is like a book Orwell might have written."
There's also:
Quixotic
1: foolishly impractical especially in the pursuit of ideals ; especially : marked by rash lofty romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action
2: capricious , unpredictable
But that's about a character in a novel, not the author.
I entered "Kafkaesque" and "Orwellian" into Google and found a site focused on eponyms. They have a section devoted to authors and covered the same entries as me, with the addition of:
masochism (named for Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, a 19th century Austrian novelist)
machiavellian (named for Niccolò Machiavelli)
sadism (named for the Marquis de Sade)
Definitions are left as an exercise for the reader.
Those are pretty good. Those are words that have nearly transplanted the authors. Not to say that these authors are not still important, but you'll notice that these words are used WITHOUT A CAPITAL LETTER, meaning we've divorced them from their proper noun status. Perhaps one day in the future we will use the word kafkaesque without even thinking of Kafka the author.

The New Yorker Magazine went through a phase of using Nicholsonian (after Geoff Nicholson) to describe novels centered around characters defined by obsessions of one kind or another, but it never seemed to catch on.
Pity, because Nicholson is a vastly entertaining writer.
I did a search for "Nicholsonian" on NewYorker.com but it returned no results, though I suppose this isn't much of a surprise--it's been a decade since Nicholson has published something that has really made a splash.
I never could get much into Nicholson... I read Food Chain and Everything and More and both left me a little underwhelmed. I'm not sure why. They were clever, quirky, and obsessive (all things I tend to love) but just didn't click with me.
Everything And More definitely dragged and Food Chain felt like it was ghost written by a fan. Footsucker and Bleeding London are still the best Nicholson for my money, but yeah his output hasn't thrilled me in forever.
Okay, well consider Footsucker and Bleeding London on my unofficial to-read list!
'Pinteresque' ! I want my own adjective too.... :(